Medical and Dental Equipment/Shielding

The following FAQ has been developed by our topic editors for this category:

Lead Garments (Aprons, Gloves, etc.)

The following HPS Web pages also address this category:

			Shielding of Gamma Radiation
			X-Ray Equipment Disposal

The following health physics questions have been answered by an expert and approved by our editors for inclusion in our "Ask the Experts" feature. Click on the question to see the answer.

Questions in this Category Are in the Following Subcategories:
•  Equipment
•  Shielding
•  Lead Aprons
•  Miscellaneous
Equipment
Q529	–	Mobile unit or a fixed tube
Q776	–	Diagnostic ultrasound quality assurance
Q793	–	Disposal of old x-ray machine
Q1156	–	Old x-ray equipment in living quarters
Q3033	–	Variations in measured half-value layer
Q3668	–	Auditing clinic
Q4041	–	Reduce radiation dose
Q4110	–	Scattered radiation
Q4843	–	Inherited x-ray machine
Q4927	–	Cobalt-60 teletherapy stuck source - Part II
Q5645	–	Dose calibrator geometry for iodine-123
Q5649	–	Old x-ray machine in chiropractor's office
Q5706	–	Holding image receptors for sedated dental patients
Q5745	–	Length of radiographic exposure time
Q5840	–	Making exposures for digital dental x ray
Q6043	–	Summary of output of various types of x-ray equipment
Q6241	–	Scatter radiation formula in NCRP Report No. 145
Q6498	–	Collimation of dental x-ray machine
Q6547	–	Incidental radiation exposure from x-ray room
Q6555	–	Conversion from DAP to rad
Q6578	–	Scatter from dental cone-beam CT units
Q6596	–	Exposure from handheld x-ray device
Q6664	–	Origin of scatter radiation in x-ray procedures
Q6673	–	Scatter radiation in fluoroscopy based on patient position
Q6725	–	Do x rays pose a hazard to our water cooler?
Q6915	–	X ray
Q6996	–	PET radionuclides shipping and regulations
Q7270	–	Safe number of x rays I can perform
Q7279	–	Diagnostic x-ray quality control references
Q7569	–	Dose rate standing next to CT machines
Q7820	–	Position of patient in fluoroscopy
Q7856	–	Radiation dose to office personnel from veterinary x ray
Q8232	–	Safety of older x-ray units
Q8455	–	CT leakage limits and dose
Q8695	–	Transition to digital x ray
Q8867	–	Scatter radiation dose to neonates
Q9085	–	Meter to evaluate shielding in diagnostic radiology department
Q9121	–	Dose limit for public
Q9513	–	Convert DAP to EAP
Q9524	–	Workload units for diagnostic and therapy
Q10458	–	Radiation detector selection for cabinet x ray
Q10461	–	Testing lead aprons
Shielding
Q387	–	Structural shielding information for a PET facility
Q1506	–	Half-value thickness
Q2064	–	Door for radiotherapy room
Q2247	–	Shielding in radiology
Q2983	–	Fluoroscopy office next door
Q2992	–	Shielding in chiropractor's office
Q3110	–	X-ray room shielding
Q3377	–	Viewing windows
Q3588	–	Shielding in x-ray rooms
Q3592	–	Nuclear Medicine Rooms
Q3805	–	Shield in wall
Q4073	–	Lead-glass windows
Q4105	–	Barium enema study rooms
Q4151	–	Pediatric CT
Q4337	–	Light lead aprons
Q4362	–	Is gonadal shielding necessary?
Q4404	–	Diagnostic x-ray room shielding height
Q4440	–	HVL for 131I
Q4505	–	Reproductive organs
Q4700	–	"Light" lead in aprons
Q4702	–	Lead shielding for various radionuclides
Q4716	–	Syringe shields
Q4731	–	Lead aprons
Q4821	–	General and podiatry x rays without a lead apron
Q4824	–	Lead equivalence of a material
Q5001	–	Patient shielding for thigh x ray
Q5014	–	Mammography room shielding
Q5088	–	X ray directly over male gonads
Q5095	–	Lead aprons
Q5099	–	Shielding materials and lead equivalence
Q5115	–	Shielding Property Determination of Tungsten-Loaded Rubber at Higher Energies
Q5170	–	Dental control barrier
Q5201	–	Shielding gonads in the primary x-ray beam
Q5241	–	3T magnet shielding
Q5271	–	Lead aprons
Q5316	–	Use of leaded glasses
Q5354	–	Multileaf collimators and shielding
Q5362	–	Shielding properties of lead
Q5384	–	Alternative materials for lead shielding
Q5406	–	Shielding radiation therapy patients
Q5496	–	Wall shielding height and NCRP 147
Q5562	–	Shielding during cardiac catheterization
Q5660	–	Use of lead glasses
Q5912	–	As one of the alternative shielding materials, what is the lead equivalence of tiles?
Q6078	–	Mammography kVp for various target-filter combinations
Q6186	–	Location of shields in cardiac catheterization lab
Q6298	–	Risk from lead in medical shielding
Q6328	–	Therapy operator and patient shielding
Q6406	–	Shielding the gap between two doors to an x-ray room
Q6437	–	Shielding patients in x-ray and gonadal radiation dose from scatter
Q6675	–	HVL for concrete
Q6785	–	Workload definition in radiotherapy shielding
Q6964	–	Tungsten half-value layer
Q7162	–	Iodine-131 shielding with concrete
Q7237	–	Shielding of thyroid and breast for CT head scans
Q7257	–	Shielding
Q7659	–	Shielding in CT scanner control wall
Q8095	–	Labeling x-ray room shielding
Q8119	–	X-ray shielding to protect the general public
Q8159	–	Inspection of mobile x-ray shields
Q8187	–	Shielding doors in a radiotherapy treatment room
Q8273	–	Syringe shield glass cracks
Q8573	–	Radiation dose behind a mobile shield
Q8624	–	Use of screws in lead-lined drywall
Q8696	–	Use of lead apron while holding patients
Q8785	–	Shielding floors in diagnostic x-ray installations
Q8825	–	Hands in the fluoroscopy beam
Q9049	–	Diagnostic x-ray room control area opening
Q9237	–	Two lead aprons in interventional cardiology
Q9288	–	Radiation exposure from an adjacent x-ray room
Q9385	–	Shielding patients in the operating room
Q9456	–	Radiation dose to workers in the emergency department
Q9483	–	Tenth-value layer for photons in paraffin
Q9544	–	Patient shielding with lead aprons and shadow shields
Q9586	–	Shielding height in wall for diagnostic x ray
Q9699	–	Use of lead drapes for under-table fluoroscopy units
Q9793	–	Lead apron for family member in CT room
Q9954	–	Concerns about shielding in in dental facility
Q9978	–	Concerns about metal objects in x-ray room
Q10024	–	Scatter contributions to measured entrace skin exposure rate
Q10114	–	Is there radiation after the x ray?
Q10188	–	Radiation safety and C-arms
Q10189	–	Shielding pediatric patients in the operating room
Q10235	–	Shielding a lingual thyroid
Q10265	–	Veterinary personnel in room during CT scans
Q10276	–	Use of lead cap on head during fluoroscopy
Q10304	–	Gonad shielding location for males
Q10394	–	TVL of neutron capture gamma rays in lead
Q10411	–	Storage of cesium-137 µCi survey meter check source
Q10462	–	Use of a C-Arm spacer cones in Radiation Therapy Department
Q10489	–	Lead thyroid collar protection in dental applications
Q10638	–	Use of leaded glasses after cataract surgery
Lead Aprons
Q1912	–	Pelvic shielding
Q3101	–	Lead aprons and ALARA
Q3422	–	Lead aprons for breast protection
Q3901	–	Dexis digital system and leaded apron
Q4042	–	Lifetime of lead aprons
Q4235	–	Cobalt-60 teletherapy stuck source
Q4257	–	Higher dose to fluoroscopy workers with lead aprons
Q4258	–	CT patient and wrap-around apron
Q4543	–	Storing lead aprons
Q4814	–	Podiatry x rays without a lead apron
Q4916	–	Occupational dental exposure without lead aprons
Q4925	–	Iodine-131 and bremsstrahlung
Q5122	–	Fluoroscopy Scatter Origin
Q5261	–	Use of lead aprons and shields in EP lab
Q5272	–	Alternative materials for lead aprons
Q5347	–	Lead apron use in CT
Q5514	–	Lead apron test methods
Q5626	–	X-ray intensity through lead aprons
Q5657	–	Veterinary use of lead aprons
Q6152	–	Location of dosimeters with lead aprons
Q6226	–	Lead aprons
Q6475	–	Dose reduction by wearing lead apron
Q6517	–	Lead-apron testing
Q6523	–	Moved lead shield during dental exam
Q6958	–	X-ray exposure in NICU
Q7565	–	Lead-apron testing with CT
Q8389	–	Refusal to provide lead apron to a worker during fluoroscopy
Q9545	–	Where to stand when working with a C-arm
Q9730	–	Cardiologist and wrap-around lead aprons
Q9899	–	Useful life of lead aprons
Q10071	–	Length of time to wear lead aprons
Q10449	–	Thyroid collars
Q10628	–	Lead apron use in a fluoroscopy room
Miscellaneous
Q4903	–	Ultrasound resolution standards
Q9504	–	Metal eyeglass frames on during dental scan

The following website may also be useful:

X-Ray Equipment Disposal